{"id":786989,"date":"2025-05-09T10:55:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T07:55:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alegria-realestate.com\/?p=786989"},"modified":"2026-01-02T21:34:21","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T18:34:21","slug":"how-does-the-healthcare-system-work-in-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alegria-realestate.com\/cs\/articles\/how-does-the-healthcare-system-work-in-spain","title":{"rendered":"Zdravotnictv\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku: jak syst\u00e9m funguje"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de je sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd syst\u00e9m, ve kter\u00e9m vedle sebe funguje N\u00e1rodn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed syst\u00e9m (SNS), \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd org\u00e1ny st\u00e1tu a autonomn\u00edch oblast\u00ed, a rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 soukrom\u00fdch klinik a nemocnic. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 90% obyvatel zem\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 SNS, tedy naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina. V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ob\u010dan\u016f si i p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edstupu k ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu zdravotnictv\u00ed sjedn\u00e1v\u00e1 nav\u00edc soukrom\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. \u010casto je to opodstatn\u011bn\u00e9, proto\u017ee to umo\u017e\u0148uje rychlej\u0161\u00ed objedn\u00e1n\u00ed ke specialist\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Podle WHO se \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de z hlediska kvality a efektivity nach\u00e1z\u00ed na 7. m\u00edst\u011b na sv\u011bt\u011b. V roce 2020 agentura Bloomberg ozna\u010dila \u0160pan\u011blsko za nejzdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zemi na sv\u011bt\u011b. \u0160pan\u011blsko pat\u0159\u00ed mezi p\u0159edn\u00ed zem\u011b v oblasti transplantac\u00ed. Podle Sv\u011btov\u00e9ho registru transplantac\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u0160pan\u011blsko p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20% takov\u00fdch operac\u00ed v EU a asi 6% z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu registrovan\u00fdch transplantac\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

V zemi se aktivn\u011b rozv\u00edj\u00ed genov\u00e1 medic\u00edna, reproduk\u010dn\u00ed medic\u00edna, radiologie, protonov\u00e1 a nukle\u00e1rn\u00ed medic\u00edna. Na biomedic\u00ednsk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum st\u00e1t ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b vy\u010dle\u0148uje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4 mld. \u20ac.<\/p>\n

Zdravotnictv\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku v \u010d\u00edslech<\/h2>\n

\u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de tradi\u010dn\u011b zauj\u00edm\u00e1 vysok\u00e9 pozice v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dc\u00edch. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 d\u00e9lka \u017eivota ve \u0160pan\u011blsku \u010din\u00ed 83,1 roku, co\u017e je o v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 roky v\u00edce ne\u017e pr\u016fm\u011br Evropsk\u00e9 unie. \u0160pan\u011blsko, stejn\u011b jako mnoho vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00ed, se bezpochyby pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s probl\u00e9mem st\u00e1rnut\u00ed populace: do roku 2050 bude v\u00edce ne\u017e 33% obyvatel \u0160pan\u011blska tvo\u0159it populace star\u0161\u00ed 65 let. To nevyhnuteln\u011b povede k n\u00e1r\u016fstu chronick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch chorob, onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a diabetu. V letech 2021\u20132024 p\u0159ipadalo na nemoci ob\u011bhov\u00e9 soustavy v\u00edce ne\u017e 26% v\u0161ech \u00famrt\u00ed a na onkologick\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 25%.<\/p>\n

I p\u0159es mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vysokou \u00farove\u0148 rozvoje a vybaven\u00ed zdravotnick\u00e9ho sektoru z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem nerovnost v p\u0159\u00edstupu ke zdravotn\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m v z\u00e1vislosti na regionu a \u00farovni p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f obyvatel. Rozd\u00edl v o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 d\u00e9lce \u017eivota mezi nejv\u00edce a nejm\u00e9n\u011b zabezpe\u010den\u00fdmi vrstvami populace \u010din\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 let. Nedostatek investic v n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech nav\u00edc vede k nerovnov\u00e1ze v dostupnosti zdravotn\u00edch slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n

Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku funguje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a asi 450 soukrom\u00fdch nemocnic. Nedostatek zdravotnick\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edlivu migrant\u016f v posledn\u00edch p\u011bti letech. Na 1000 obyvatel \u0160pan\u011blska p\u0159ipad\u00e1 6 l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a 5,8 sester, co\u017e je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e pr\u016fm\u011br EU (8,2 l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a 9,1 sester). Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f pracuj\u00edc\u00edch ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m sektoru p\u0159esahuje 50 let, co\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o akutn\u00ed pot\u0159eb\u011b p\u0159il\u00e1kat nov\u00e9 mlad\u00e9 specialisty.<\/p>\n

\u00darovn\u011b zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de ve \u0160pan\u011blsku<\/h2>\n

Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de je z\u00e1kladem syst\u00e9mu zdravotnictv\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Po\u010det n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv u l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f prim\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de v\u0161ak za posledn\u00edch 5 let vzrostl o 15%, co\u017e v n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech prodlou\u017eilo \u010dekac\u00ed dobu na term\u00edn na 5\u20137 dn\u00ed. V d\u016fsledku toho se p\u0159et\u00ed\u017eily i pohotovostn\u00ed slu\u017eby, kam se obracej\u00ed pacienti, kte\u0159\u00ed se nedok\u00e1zali rychle dostat ke sv\u00e9mu praktick\u00e9mu l\u00e9ka\u0159i.<\/p>\n

Specializovan\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de je je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce vyt\u00ed\u017een\u00e1. V roce 2022 \u010dinila pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u010dekac\u00ed doba na konzultaci specialisty 88 dn\u00ed a na operaci 123 dn\u00ed. Do konce roku 2024 tyto ukazatele d\u00e1le vzrostly. \u010cekac\u00ed listiny k n\u011bkter\u00fdm specialist\u016fm se po\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed nikoli na dny, ale na m\u011bs\u00edce. Nejdel\u0161\u00ed \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed je v oborech ortopedie, neurologie a oftalmologie. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b je evidov\u00e1no p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 12 000 st\u00ed\u017enost\u00ed pacient\u016f, z nich\u017e 40% se t\u00fdk\u00e1 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v poskytnut\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me, \u017ee v\u0161echna tato \u010d\u00edsla se vztahuj\u00ed k ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu sektoru. V soukrom\u00fdch nemocnic\u00edch je situace v\u00fdrazn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed, i kdy\u017e v l\u00e9t\u011b v obdob\u00ed p\u0159\u00edlivu turist\u016f se fronty tvo\u0159\u00ed i tam. P\u0159esto ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokem st\u00e1le v\u00edce ob\u010dan\u016f uzav\u00edr\u00e1 dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 soukrom\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee pomoci v mnoha situac\u00edch. Ve \u0160pan\u011blsku neexistuj\u00ed omezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu ke zdravotn\u00edm slu\u017eb\u00e1m: stejn\u00fd probl\u00e9m m\u016f\u017eete \u0159e\u0161it sou\u010dasn\u011b prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdravotnictv\u00ed i soukrom\u011b.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 typy povolen\u00ed k pobytu vy\u017eaduj\u00ed povinn\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00ed soukrom\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad povolen\u00ed k pobytu na z\u00e1klad\u011b finan\u010dn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti<\/a> bez pr\u00e1va pracovat, p\u0159i koupi nemovitosti, studentsk\u00e9 v\u00edzum a n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed). V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nemaj\u00ed cizinci-rezidenti p\u0159\u00edstup k ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, ale mohou si vybrat jakoukoli soukromou kliniku a specialisty, se kter\u00fdmi spolupracuje jejich poji\u0161\u0165ovna.<\/p>\n

V\u00fddaje na zdravotnictv\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku<\/h2>\n

Celkov\u00e9 v\u00fddaje na zdravotnictv\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku p\u0159esahuj\u00ed 100 mld. \u20ac ro\u010dn\u011b, tedy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10% HDP. V p\u0159epo\u010dtu na obyvatele je to 2 800 \u20ac ro\u010dn\u011b, co\u017e je o 700 \u20ac m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e pr\u016fm\u011br EU (3 500 \u20ac). Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fddajov\u00e9 polo\u017eky zahrnuj\u00ed l\u016f\u017ekovou p\u00e9\u010di (42% celkov\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu), l\u00e9\u010diva (22%) a ambulantn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di (18%).<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 cena l\u00e9k\u016f. A to i navzdory rozvinut\u00e9mu farmaceutick\u00e9mu pr\u016fmyslu a dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b mnoha l\u00e9\u010div. P\u0159esto v\u00fddaje na l\u00e9ky ve \u0160pan\u011blsku rok od roku rostou. Pracuj\u00edc\u00ed obyvatelstvo hrad\u00ed 40 a\u017e 60% ceny p\u0159edepsan\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f. U d\u016fchodc\u016f m\u016f\u017ee sleva dosahovat a\u017e 90%. Rozd\u00edl hrad\u00ed st\u00e1t a tyto v\u00fddaje se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b zvy\u0161uj\u00ed \u2013 v pr\u016fm\u011bru o 4\u20135% ro\u010dn\u011b. Vl\u00e1da je nucena vyv\u00edjet mechanismy pro sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b regulace cen l\u00e9k\u016f a program\u016f racion\u00e1ln\u00ed spot\u0159eby l\u00e9\u010div.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edn\u00ed kliniky ve \u0160pan\u011blsku<\/h2>\n

Mezi p\u0159edn\u00ed kliniky ve \u0160pan\u011blsku s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm uzn\u00e1n\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona<\/h3>\n

Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona je univerzitn\u00ed nemocnice spojen\u00e1 s Barcelonskou univerzitou. Opakovan\u011b byla uzn\u00e1na jako jedno z nejlep\u0161\u00edch zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku i na sv\u011bt\u011b. V roce 2020 ji magaz\u00edn Newsweek za\u0159adil do seznamu nejlep\u0161\u00edch nemocnic sv\u011bta: obsadila prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto mezi \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdmi nemocnicemi a dostala se do top 25 celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku. Hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n

Onkologie: nemocnice se aktivn\u011b pod\u00edl\u00ed na v\u00fdvoji a v\u00fdrob\u011b vlastn\u00edch terapi\u00ed CAR-T pro l\u00e9\u010dbu onkologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed pr\u016fkopn\u00edka v t\u00e9to oblasti v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

Kardiologie: kardiologick\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no jako jedno z nejlep\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b d\u00edky sv\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm a inovativn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstup\u016fm v l\u00e9\u010db\u011b kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Hospital Vall d’Hebron<\/h3>\n

Hospital Vall d’Hebron v Barcelon\u011b je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zdravotnick\u00fdch komplex\u016f ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Jeho onkologick\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na jednotka zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se l\u00e9\u010dbou rakoviny prsu, je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no jako jedno z nejlep\u0161\u00edch v zemi. Hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Onkologie: nemocnice se specializuje na l\u00e9\u010dbu rakoviny prsu a aktivn\u011b se pod\u00edl\u00ed na v\u00fdzkumu a zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch diagnostick\u00fdch a l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch metod.<\/li>\n
  • Klinick\u00e9 studie: v nemocnici se aktivn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed klinick\u00e1 hodnocen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 napom\u00e1haj\u00ed zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00fdch metod l\u00e9\u010dby.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto Valenciano de Oncolog\u00eda (IVO)<\/h3>\n

    IVO je specializovan\u00e9 onkologick\u00e9 centrum ve Valencii. Rozv\u00edj\u00ed n\u011bkolik oblast\u00ed: prevenci, diagnostiku, l\u00e9\u010dbu, v\u00fdzkum a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v onkologii. Hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Onkologie: IVO pat\u0159\u00ed podle magaz\u00ednu Newsweek mezi 50 nejlep\u0161\u00edch onkologick\u00fdch center na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n
    • V\u00fdzkum a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch metod a zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalifikace zdravotnick\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Hospital Universitario La Paz<\/h3>\n

      Hospital Universitario La Paz v Madridu je zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdmi pokro\u010dil\u00fdmi zdravotnick\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami a v\u00fdzkumem. Jeho kardiologick\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed je uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no jako jedno z nejlep\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b. Hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Kardiologie: odd\u011blen\u00ed kardiologie nab\u00edz\u00ed pokro\u010dil\u00e9 metody l\u00e9\u010dby a rehabilitace pro pacienty s kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi.<\/li>\n
      • Onkologie: v roce 2025 se nemocnice um\u00edstila na 32. m\u00edst\u011b mezi 100 nejlep\u0161\u00edmi onkologick\u00fdmi nemocnicemi sv\u011bta podle magaz\u00ednu Newsweek; aktivn\u011b se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed programu Evropsk\u00e9 organizace onkologick\u00fdch institut\u016f (OECI), zav\u00e1d\u00ed c\u00edlenou terapii a imunoterapii a v\u011bnuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost paliativn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra<\/h3>\n

        Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra s kampusy v Madridu a Pamplon\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed mezi p\u011bt nejlep\u0161\u00edch ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Aktivn\u011b se pod\u00edl\u00ed na klinick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu a zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch metod l\u00e9\u010dby. Hlavn\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Onkologie: klinika vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 robotick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pro miniinvazivn\u00ed operace, pokro\u010dil\u00e9 metody radioterapie v\u010detn\u011b brachyterapie a line\u00e1rn\u00edch urychlova\u010d\u016f (LINAC), individu\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 re\u017eimy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na molekul\u00e1rn\u011b-genetick\u00e9m profilu n\u00e1doru a imunoterapii.<\/li>\n
        • Oftalmologie: Cl\u00ednica Baviera, kter\u00e1 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed skupiny a m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik pobo\u010dek v r\u016fzn\u00fdch regionech, se specializuje na refrak\u010dn\u00ed chirurgii a ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 180 000 operac\u00ed korekce zraku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch nemocnic, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed do TOP-10 ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch nemocni\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve \u0160pan\u011blsku a specializuj\u00ed se na r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal v Madridu (oftalmologie, gastroenterologie a dermatologie),<\/li>\n
          • Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo v Seville (transplantologie),<\/li>\n
          • Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge v Barcelon\u011b (neurologie, neurochirurgie a oftalmologie),<\/li>\n
          • Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga v M\u00e1laze (neurochirurgie a d\u011btsk\u00e1 chirurgie), Hospital Universitario de Cruces v Bilbau (ortopedick\u00e1 chirurgie),<\/li>\n
          • Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca v Murcii (transplantologie, pediatrick\u00e1 neurochirurgie a hematologie).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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