Purchase of homes in Spain: Frequently asked questions

Budget ~10–12% on top of the price: new build pays 10% VAT (Canary Islands: 6.5% IGIC); resale pays ITP ~6–11% depending on region, plus AJD ~0.5–1.5%, notary & registry fees, valuation, and mortgage-related fees if financing.

• More details in our breakdown of expenses and taxes

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• Property purchase assistance service in Spain

It lets you work remotely from Spain for a non-Spanish employer or as a freelancer with mostly foreign clients. Apply at a consulate (visa up to 1 year) or inside Spain (residence 3 years, renewable 2). Key requirements: income ≥ 200% of SMI (2025 consular guidance ~€2.7k/month; +75% first dependent, +25% each additional), prior relationship (~3 months) with the foreign company or client base, degree or 3 years’ experience, clean criminal record, health insurance. Many applicants can opt for Beckham regime: flat 24% on Spanish-sourced income up to €600k for 6 years.

Read our article about the digital nomad residence permit.

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Digital nomad visa processing service in Spain

Empadronamiento is the municipal registration of your residence (similar to address registration) confirming you live at a specific address.
Why it’s needed: enrolling children in school; access to public healthcare; discounts on municipal services; certificates for visa/residence applications; voting in municipal elections (EU residents).
How to get it: visit the Ayuntamiento (city hall) with your passport, NIE, and housing document (Escritura or rental contract). Issued on the spot, free of charge.
Important: empadronamiento does not grant the right to reside – it’s only address registration.

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Service “Registration in Spain at your own or rented property”

It’s a registered domestic partnership between two people (any gender) who live together without marrying. Registration is done at the regional or local registry, and requirements (prior cohabitation, residence, civil status, witnesses) vary by region. Typical effects: easier EU-family residence processes, access to some social/health/work benefits, and housing/tenancy protections. It’s not identical to marriage—no automatic matrimonial property or inheritance rights without a will. Dissolution occurs by mutual agreement, end of cohabitation, or upon marriage.

Read our detailed article about getting married in Spain.

IBI (Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles) is the annual property tax.
Calculation: 0.4–1.3% of cadastral value (set by the municipality). The cadastral value is typically 30–50% below market value.
Examples:
• Apartment €150,000: IBI €300–600/year
• Villa €500,000: IBI €800–1,500/year
Payment: once a year (usually September–October) to the city hall; you can set up a direct debit. Late payment penalty — 20%.

Read our article about the IBI tax.

Non-residents pay the same purchase taxes as residents:
• New build: VAT (IVA) 10% (Canary Islands IGIC 6.5%) + AJD stamp duty ~0.5–1.5% depending on region.
• Resale: ITP transfer tax ~6–11% (regional rate).
Special case: if the seller is a non-resident, the buyer must withhold 3% of the price and pay it to the tax office (Modelo 211) — a deal retention, not a buyer’s own tax. Notary and registry fees are separate.

• More details in our 2025 breakdown of expenses and taxes

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• Property purchase assistance service in Spain

In brief: ISO microchip, valid rabies shot, the right veterinary paperwork, and airline-compliant transport.
Steps:
• ID: ISO 11784/11785 microchip implanted before vaccination.
• Rabies: valid vaccine; after first shot wait 21 days.
• Paperwork:
– from the EU — EU Pet Passport issued by an authorized vet;
– from non-EU — EU Animal Health Certificate issued within 10 days of arrival by an official vet, with proof of chip and rabies.
• Entry: up to 5 pets, non-commercial only; enter via a traveler point of entry where documents may be checked.
• Transport: pre-book with the airline; IATA-compliant crate/carrier, water and absorbent lining; check restrictions for brachycephalic breeds.
• Note: tapeworm treatment is not required for Spain, but may be needed if transiting to certain countries.

Read more details in our article.

Shortlist: Valencia (great value, beach, many coworking spaces), Malaga (year-round sun, airport, growing tech scene), Madrid (careers & transport hub, pricier), Barcelona (startup ecosystem, beach, higher costs), Alicante (laid-back, sunny winters), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (perfect winter base, surf, coliving), Seville (culture, food, affordability).
How to choose: match budget, climate needs, flight connections, and coworking access.

Read our article about the best cities in Spain for remote work.

• When to apply: from 60 days before expiry until 90 days after (late filings may face penalties).
• Where/how: submit to the Foreigners’ Office (Extranjería) (often online). After approval, book the police appointment to renew your TIE card. 
• Typical documents: EX-00 form, passport, enrolment/progress proof, financial means (per IPREM), health insurance, empadronamiento, and fee 790-052 receipt.
• After approval: pay fees and give fingerprints/collect the TIE. Processing times vary by province.

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Student visa application and renewal service in Spain

You can also learn a lot of useful information from our article about the student visa to Spain.

• New car purchase: VAT (IVA) 21% + Registration tax (Impuesto de Matriculacion) 0–14.75% based on CO₂ emissions.
• Used car from a private seller: ITP transfer tax ~4–8% (varies by region), no VAT.
• Import from non-EU: Customs duty ~10% + VAT 21% + possible registration tax.
• Yearly: IVTM — municipal motor vehicle tax (amount depends on city and fiscal horsepower).
• Other costs: DGT transfer fees and ITV inspection are fees, not taxes.

The Escritura de Compraventa is a notarized deed of sale — the main title document for real estate in Spain. It is signed before a notary after the full purchase price has been paid. The notary verifies identities, explains the terms, and reads the deed in Spanish.
What it includes: buyer/seller details, NIE, property description, price, payment method, and confirmation of no debts.
After signing: the buyer receives the original Escritura and registers it at the Registro de la Propiedad (€400–800, 2–8 weeks). Once registered, ownership is fully protected by law.

Read more details in our article.

A Nota Simple is an official extract from the Registro de la Propiedad containing full information on the property.
It shows: current owner; encumbrances (mortgage, seizures, easements); plot boundaries and size; transaction history.
Why you need it: to check legal cleanliness before purchase — if there is a seller’s mortgage or court seizures, buying is risky.
How to obtain: online from the Registry (€9), via a gestoría (€20–30), or your agent can order it for free.
Validity: 3 months. Order a fresh Nota Simple right before signing the Escritura.

To learn more, read our article “Everything about the Nota Simple in Spain.”

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Nota Simple procurement service

• Choose school & catchment: check your address empadronamiento zone and school type — public, charter (concertada), or private.
• When to apply: main admissions are in spring for September start; mid-year you apply for vacant places.
• Where to apply: online via your Autonomous Community portal or in person at the school/municipality.
• Documents: child’s and parent’s passports, NIE if available, libro de familia or birth certificate, empadronamiento, vaccination record, and prior report cards if transferring.
• Allocation: lists are published, then matrícula (confirm the place) and submit originals.
• Notes: without padrón, ask about alternative criteria; newcomers can be placed during the year if seats exist.

Read our article about the best schools in Spain.

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Our school enrollment service in Spain.

Top-10 shortage occupations 2024–2025:

1. IT developers (€35,000–70,000/year)

2. Healthcare: doctors, nurses (€30,000–60,000)

3. Engineers (€30,000–55,000)

4. Foreign-language teachers (€20,000–35,000)

5. Tourism professionals (€22,000–40,000)

6. Logistics specialists (€25,000–45,000)

7. Chefs (€18,000–35,000)

8. Construction workers (€20,000–35,000)

9. Drivers (€20,000–30,000)

10. Finance & accounting (€25,000–50,000)
    Language: Spanish is required for most roles; in IT at international firms, English can suffice.

In practice: non-residents usually get 60–70% LTV; residents up to ~80% for a primary home. 90% is rare and typically only for residents buying their first home, sometimes with extra collateral/guarantor or special programs. Banks lend against the lower of purchase price or appraisal. Taxes and fees (~10–12%) are usually not financed. Any “guaranteed 80–90%” claim without valuation and credit review is a red flag.

For more details about mortgages in Spain, read our article.

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Mortgage arrangement service in Spain

Euribor is the eurozone interbank rate and the key benchmark for variable-rate mortgages in Spain.
Current level (12m): about 2.20% in early November 2025 (daily quotes).
How it works: your rate = Euribor + bank margin. Example: with +0.89%, the payable rate ≈ 3.09% (2.20% + 0.89%). Mortgages are typically repriced every 6–12 months; higher Euribor raises payments, lower Euribor reduces them.
Context: through 2024–2025, Euribor eased from >2.4% to ~2.2%, easing variable-mortgage costs.

For more details about mortgages in Spain, read our article.

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Mortgage arrangement service in Spain

A reverse mortgage is for homeowners 65+: the bank pays you a monthly income or a lump sum secured by your home, and you keep living in it.
How it works: a loan against the property (typically 30–40% of value). You receive funds and stay in the home for life. After death, heirs may repay the debt and keep the home, or the bank sells it.
Requirements: age 65+, unencumbered ownership, property value > €150,000.
Pros: extra retirement income; you remain in your home.
Cons: heirs inherit a debt-encumbered asset or nothing; interest ~4–6%; complex terms.
Popularity: not very common in Spain—many prefer to sell and downsize.

Read more in our article.

Prepare:
• Child’s and parent’s passports/IDs
• Libro de familia or birth certificate (apostille/translation if applicable)
• Empadronamiento (local registration) in Torrevieja
• Vaccination record/health card
• Last 1–2 years of school reports for placement
• Emergency contacts & any medical/allergy notes
• ID photos (sometimes requested)
• If available — NIE/TIE or visa (schooling is a right even if still arranging residence docs)
Apply online via the Valencian Community portal or in person at the school/Ayuntamiento; then complete matrícula with originals.

Read our article about the best schools in Spain.

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Our school enrollment service in Spain.

• Account type: resident (with NIE/TIE) or non-resident.
• Documents: passport; NIE/TIE or non-resident certificate; proof of address (empadronamiento/rental contract); phone/email; proof of income (employment contract, bank statements); tax residency self-cert (CRS/FATCA).
• Steps: choose a bank → apply online or at a branch → ID & contracts → get IBAN and card → activate the mobile app.
• Timing: same day to a few days (compliance checks).
• Fees: account/card maintenance, transfers, out-of-network ATM; many banks waive fees if you meet conditions (payroll, minimum balance).
• Non-residents: bank may require a Certificado de no residente (some banks obtain it for you).
• Business/freelancers: may need autónomo registration and business NIF.

Read more details in the article.

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Service for opening a bank account in Spain.

• Licence:
– EU/EEA/Switzerland: drive with your national licence until it expires; if residing, consider registering it with DGT.
– Other countries (visitor): national licence + International Driving Permit (IDP) if required, up to 6 months from entry.
– If you become a resident: within ~6 months you must exchange your licence (where agreements exist) or pass Spanish theory + practical tests.
• Minimum age: 18 (car rentals often 21–25 and min. experience).
• Carry in the car: licence (and IDP), passport/ID, insurance (SOA), vehicle registration (permiso de circulación), ITV inspection (if applicable).
• Equipment: high-vis vest, warning triangle or V16 beacon.
• Fines/insurance: unpaid fines can be enforced; rentals may withhold deposits.

• Bill info: customer/contract number, supply address (suministro), account holder (titular), billing period (often bi-monthly).
• Meter section: meter ID/type, previous & current readings, usage in m³ (current − previous). “Estimada” = estimated, “Real” = actual.
• Charges:
– Cuota fija (fixed service fee).
– Tiered consumption (bloques) — price per m³ increases by block.
– Saneamiento/alcantarillado (sewer).
– Depuración (wastewater treatment).
– Canon (regional water/environmental levy, where applicable).
• Tax: IVA 10% (domestic supply).
• Total due: sum of items + VAT.
• Tips: compare m³ to prior bills; spikes may mean a leak. Basura (waste) may be billed separately by the town hall.
• Payment: direct debit, online, post office/bank.

Read about utility costs in the article.

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The service of re-registering utility contracts to the new property owner.

• Identifiers: contract no., CUPS (supply point), address, retailer (comercializadora), distributor, billing period.
• Tariff/market: PVPC (regulated) with time bands punta/llano/valle, or free market (fixed/variable, sometimes TOU).
• Power term (potencia): contracted kW and fixed charge per kW/day or month.
• Energy term: consumption by period in kWh × price/kWh. “Real” = actual, “Estimado” = estimated.
• Other items: meter rental (alquiler de contador), reactive power charge, add-on services/insurances.
• Taxes: IVA (or IGIC in Canary Islands) and electricity tax (impuesto eléctrico) at the current rate.
• Self-consumption: look for compensación por excedentes credit if you export PV energy.
• Total due: sum of terms + fees + taxes.
• Tips: right-size potencia contratada; shift usage to valle; remove paid add-ons.

Read about utility costs in the article.

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The service of re-registering utility contracts to the new property owner.

• Rules: Royal Decree 244/2019 enables simplified net-billing for exports (≤100 kW) and collective self-consumption within communities. 
• Grants: RD 477/2021 (NextGenerationEU) funds self-consumption and batteries via regional calls; check your Autonomous Community.
• Scale: Spain had ~8.1–8.6 GW cumulative self-consumption by end-2024; ~1.18 GW added in 2024 as growth normalized. Grid-connected PV hit record capacity.
• Local tax breaks: Many municipalities grant IBI/ICIO rebates for rooftop PV (IBI bonuses in ~67% of towns in 2025).
• Costs & payback: typical home systems ~€4–7k for ~3–6 kW (wide range); payback often 4–8 years with surplus compensation & rebates.
• Process: sizing & tariff review → check grants → install → notify distributor and sign surplus compensation contract.

For more details, read our article.

People use “plusvalía” for two different taxes:

1. Municipal “plusvalía” (IIVTNU) — a town-hall tax on the increase in the land value of urban property when you sell, gift, or inherit.
   • Who pays: typically the seller; for gifts/inheritance the recipient.
   • When: 30 business days after a sale / 6 months for inheritance (extendable).
   • How calculated: either an objective method (cadastral land value × coefficients) or the actual gain method (whichever is better for the taxpayer). Rural land is not subject; if no increase, you can claim no tax due.

2. Capital gains tax on the sale (IRPF/IRNR) — personal income tax on the actual profit (sale price minus acquisition cost plus allowable expenses). Reliefs exist (e.g., reinvestment in main home, senior exemptions).

Read our article about the plusvalía municipal tax.

• Capital gains tax:
  – Residents (IRPF): progressive 19%/21%/23%/27%/28% bands (by gain amount).
  – Non-residents (IRNR): tax on the gain; the buyer withholds 3% of the price (retención, Modelo 211). Seller files Modelo 210 within 4 months to settle/refund.
  – Deductions: purchase/sale costs, agent, notary/registry, capital improvements. Reliefs: main-home reinvestment, 65+ selling main home, etc.

• Municipal “plusvalía” (IIVTNU): town-hall tax on the increase in urban land value. If no increase, liability can be zero.

• VAT (IVA): applies only to new builds/first transfer by a developer/company (usually 10% on housing) — invoiced by the seller but borne by the buyer; no VAT on typical resales.

• Other: costs to cancel a mortgage at notary/land registry, certificates.

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Our property sale service in Spain

In short: no. Spain abolished the Golden Visa; new investor-residence applications (incl. €500k real-estate route) stopped on 3 April 2025. Existing permits remain valid and renewable.
What to use instead: you can still buy a home, but residency requires another route — Digital Nomad, Non-Lucrative, Work/Highly-Qualified, Student, Family (incl. EU/Spanish family), Entrepreneur etc., each with its own rules.

You can find more details in our article.

1) Pick your residence route (fits your plan):

• Non-lucrative (live on own means).

• Work permit (employee or self-employed).

• Digital Nomad (remote for foreign employer/freelance).

• Student.

• Family reunification / EU family member.

• Entrepreneur / Highly-qualified.

2) Prepare documents in Argentina:

• Valid passport.

• Police clearance with Hague apostille.

• Medical certificate (per consular template).

• Private health insurance with full coverage in Spain.

• Proof of funds/income (bank statements, contract).

• Diplomas/transcripts with apostille (if studying or for regulated jobs).

• Sworn translations into Spanish where required.

3) Apply at the Spanish Consulate (in Argentina):

• Follow the checklist for your visa type, book an appointment, submit, pay fees.

• If approved, the visa is stamped in your passport.

4) After arrival (first 30–60 days):

• Empadronamiento (register address).

• NIE/TIE: fingerprint appointment and foreigner ID card.

• Open bank account, sign rental, register for healthcare/schooling.

5) Settle & comply:

• Renew your permit on time.

• Taxes (IRPF/IRNR); register as autónomo if self-employed.

• Degree recognition if needed for regulated professions.

Quick start checklist: choose route → consular requirements → apostilles & translations → insurance & funds → consular appointment → visa → in Spain: padrón, TIE, bank, housing, school.

Note: requirements/processing times vary and change. Always check the current guidance from the Spanish Consulate and your local Oficina de Extranjería. This is not legal advice.

You can find more details in our article.

Main routes:

1. By residence (most common): nationals of Ibero-American countries need only 2 years of legal, continuous residence in Spain (with a TIE), good conduct, and integration.

   • Tests: CCSE civics test; DELE A2 is waived if Spanish is an official language of your country.

   • Typical evidence: criminal records (home country & Spain), padrón certificate, stable life/income, fees.

2. By option/origin: if you have a Spanish parent (or were under the parental authority of a Spaniard) you may opt for nationality via a simplified track.

3. By marriage/widow(er): after 1 year of residence in Spain if you’ve been married ≥1 year to a Spaniard (not legally separated); also for widow(er)s of Spaniards.

4. By “carta de naturaleza”: discretionary grant by the Government in exceptional cases.

5. Descendants of Spaniards (where applicable): some categories of descendants may opt within specific windows if current rules allow.

Quick steps (2-year residence path):

• Complete 2 years (avoid long absences).

• Pass CCSE (and DELE if required).

• Prepare apostilled/translated documents.

• Apply online via the Ministry of Justice portal or at the Civil Registry.

• Upon approval: oath, then DNI/passport.

Dual nationality: Spain permits dual citizenship with Ibero-American countries—no renunciation needed.

Nota/Примечание/Note: конкретные перечни документов, сроки и исключения зависят от вашей ситуации и могут меняться. Перед подачей проверьте актуальные требования в Ministerio de Justicia и вашем Registro Civil/Oficina de Extranjería.

When: apply within 60 days before expiry of your TIE, or up to 90 days after (a fine may apply). Renewals are typically for 2 years if you still qualify.
Where: online via the Sede Electrónica (Mercurio) or in person at your Oficina de Extranjería.
Requirements:

• EX-01 (renewal), passport, and current TIE.

• Padrón (empadronamiento) certificate.

• Private health insurance with full coverage in Spain (no co-pays, not travel insurance).

• Sufficient means to support yourself (and family members) for the whole renewal period—bank statements/income proofs.

• Continuity of residence: absences must be within the allowed limits.

• Pay the fee tasa 790 (code 052).
  After approval: book fingerprints at the police, file EX-17, bring photos, pay tasa 790 (code 012), and collect the new TIE.
  Tips: keep insurance and padrón continuous; prepare 6–12 months of statements. After 5 years you may switch to long-term residence.

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It depends on priorities:
• Climate & lifestyle: Spain has more sun and cheaper leisure; Israel offers dynamic coastal cities year-round.
• Safety & stability: higher geopolitical risk in Israel; Spain is generally more stable.
• Cost of living: Spain is cheaper for housing/food; Israel (esp. Tel Aviv/Jerusalem) is more expensive.
• Jobs & pay: Israel pays more in tech/biomed/defense; Spain offers stronger work-life balance with growing tourism/services/tech.
• Healthcare & education: robust systems in both; Spain has universal public care with low out-of-pocket costs; Israel stands out for medical innovation and STEM universities.
Rule of thumb: prioritize top tech salary/career pace → Israel. Prefer sun, lower costs, balance → Spain.

Read our article “Spain vs Israel for immigration and living”

It depends on your priorities:
• Climate & lifestyle: Spain = more sun and cheaper social life; France = powerful urban/cultural hubs (Paris/Lyon).
• Cost vs. salary: Spain is generally cheaper for housing/leisure; France offers higher salaries (esp. Paris) but higher costs/taxes.
• Healthcare: strong public systems in both; out-of-pocket costs often lower in Spain.
• Jobs: France leads in industry/engineering/luxury; Spain grows in tourism/services and tech hubs (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia).
• Family & education: good public networks in both; Spain often more affordable for childcare/schools; France has elite grandes écoles.
• Language/integration: French is key in France; Spanish in Spain (English works in big tech hubs).
• Residency: EU citizens move freely; for third countries, options are similar—Spain stands out with a Digital Nomad Visa.
Rule of thumb: prioritize salary/career → France. Want sunshine, lower costs, work-life balance → Spain.

Read our article: France vs Spain: a comparison of countries for immigration and living

It depends: Valencia = bigger job market, universities, culture, strong transport (metro/AVE) and city beaches; Alicante = sunnier, calmer, daily beach lifestyle and generally lower costs. Rule of thumb: prioritize careers & culture → Valencia; want sun, beach & a relaxed pace → Alicante.

Read our article: Valencia or Alicante: which city should you choose to live in?

It depends. Spain: more sunshine, generally lower living costs, strong public healthcare and work-life balance. Italy: unmatched heritage and cuisine, top hubs for fashion/design/automotive (Milan, Turin), iconic art cities. Rule of thumb: want sun + moderate costs + remote-work lifestyle → Spain. Prefer classical culture + design industry vibe → Italy.

Impossible désormais. L’Espagne a supprimé le dispositif : depuis le 3 avril 2025, plus aucune nouvelle demande de résidence par investissement n’est acceptée (y compris via l’achat immobilier ≥ 500 000 €). 
Si vous en disposez déjà : votre titre reste valable et, en principe, renouvelable selon l’ancien régime (pas d’effet rétroactif). Renseignez-vous sur les délais auprès de votre Oficina de Extranjería.
Si vous comptiez postuler : orientez-vous vers d’autres voies : Nomade numérique, Non lucratif, Travail/hautement qualifiés, Entrepreneur (Startups), Étudiant, Familial (UE/Espagne).

Read our article: The main alternatives to Spain’s Golden Visa in 2025

Buyer: passport/ID, NIE (tax number), fiscal address, proof of funds (statements/transfers), Spanish IBAN, reservation and/or arras contract; if financing: mortgage pre-approval, appraisal (tasación), insurance. At completion (notary): cleared funds (transfer/banker’s draft), tax details to pay ITP or VAT (IVA)+AJD. Due diligence set: recent Nota Simple, latest IBI receipt, community debt certificate, energy certificate (CEE), cadastral ref.; for new build: first occupancy licence (LPO) and 10-year structural insurance (seguro decenal).

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Tough, but occasionally possible. At this budget, true 2-beds are scarce and typically older, in need of renovation, on lower floors, or 500–900 m from the beach. 2025 average €/m² near the coast pushes most seafront units above this range. Consider stretching to €70–90k, looking at 1-beds, or targeting areas like Acequión, Los Náufragos, La Mata. Check filtered listings (≤€60k, 2 bedrooms) to see what’s live now.

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• Property purchase assistance service in Spain

Yes. You can sell without traveling by granting a notarized power of attorney (POA) to a representative.
How it works:

1. POA before a notary (in Spain or abroad with Hague Apostille) with powers to sell, receive funds, and cancel charges.

2. Papers: passport/NIE, title deed (Escritura), recent Nota Simple, IBI receipt, community debt certificate, energy certificate (CEE), bank details.

3. Closing: your agent signs the deed of sale before a Spanish notary; any mortgage is cancelled.

4. Taxes: municipal plusvalía and capital gains tax (IRPF/IRNR). For non-residents, the buyer withholds 3%; you file Modelo 210 to settle.

5. Proceeds: transfer/banker’s draft to your account; notary/gestoría handle Land Registry filing.

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Landlord typically pays: community fees (often included in rent), IBI property tax, building/home insurance, agency/contract formalization fees, and conservation/major repairs to keep the dwelling habitable.
Tenant typically pays: rent, legal deposit (1 month) + any agreed extra guarantees (up to 2 months for primary residence), utilities (electricity, water, gas, Internet), minor wear-and-tear fixes, and optional contents insurance.
Depends on contract/municipality: waste collection (basuras) and community fees may be passed on if stated in writing.

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• Gross yield = (annual rent / purchase price) × 100.
• Net yield (cap rate) = (annual rent – annual expenses) / (price + closing costs) × 100.
• Cash-on-cash = (annual net cash flow before tax) / (cash invested) × 100.
Include: IBI, community fees, insurance, maintenance, management, vacancy (5–8%), repairs.
Example: price €180k, closing €10k, rent €11.4k/yr, expenses €2.2k/yr → gross 6.3%, net 4.8%; if €80k cash in and €5k/yr net cash flow → cash-on-cash 6.3%.

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Typically €3,000–€6,000 for resales (or ~1–2% on high-price assets). For new builds, developers often ask €3,000–€10,000 (or 1–3%). The reservation is credited to the purchase price and blocks the property for 7–15 days until arras (~10%). Always get a receipt and refund conditions (e.g., mortgage clause, material legal issues in due diligence).

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• Typical timing: search/shortlist 1–3 weeks; 7–15 days reservation for due diligence; completion in 3–6 weeks from reservation (with mortgage 4–8 weeks for appraisal/offer).
• After choosing: reservation (receipt/refund terms), legal checks & Nota Simple, arras (~10%) if used, get NIE, open bank account, appraisal/loan, notary deed, pay ITP or VAT+AJD, Land Registry.
• Trips? Not required if you grant a power of attorney to a representative. One optional trip if you want to view/collect keys in person.

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Yes—three main pathways:

• International schools (private): British (KS1–GCSE–A-Level), American (K-12/AP), and IB (PYP/MYP/DP). Instruction mainly in English with Spanish as a subject. Typical fees €6,000–€15,000+ per year, depending on city/grade.

• Concertado/private bilingual schools: part of the curriculum in English, part in Spanish. Full English immersion is usually only in international schools.

• Public bilingual schools: good English exposure, but everyday environment is Spanish—not the same as full English-medium.

Where options cluster: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Costa Blanca (Alicante/Torrevieja), Málaga/Costa del Sol, Balearics.

Admissions: apply early (3–9 months ahead). Schools typically ask for report cards/transcripts, recommendations, ID/visa, vaccination records; many hold English/Math assessments and an interview.

Bottom line: Full English is very feasible via international schools; for lower cost and faster integration, consider bilingual schools (with more Spanish).

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School enrollment service in Spain

Yes—there are several routes. What you need depends on the type of school and your right to work.

1) Where you can teach

• Private language academies & after-school programs: most accessible. Typical asks: BA degree, TEFL/TESOL/CELTA (120h+), classroom experience, and availability for afternoons/evenings.

• International (British/American/IB) schools: prefer PGCE/QTS, state licensure or IB experience; 2–3 years’ experience.

• Private/“concertado” & public schools: usually require degree recognition (homologación) and, for secondary, the Máster en Formación del Profesorado (or recognized equivalent). Public “funcionario” posts typically require EU citizenship and passing competitive exams (oposiciones).

2) Right to work

• EU/EEA citizens: you can work freely. Get NIE, Social Security number, and register locally (empadronamiento).

• Non-EU citizens: you’ll need work authorization tied to an employer (academy/international school), highly-qualified permit in some cases, or consider:

  • Language Assistant (Auxiliar de Conversación) programs (stipend, not full salary).

  • Student residence (study + up to 30h/week with compatibility authorization).

  • Self-employed (autónomo) to give private lessons—requires autónomo registration, tax & social security contributions. (Note: Digital Nomad Visa doesn’t allow local employment contracts.)

3) Must-do paperwork (typical)

• NIE & Social Security affiliation (employer or gestor helps).

• Degree + transcripts with apostille and official translation; start homologación if aiming at schools that require it.

• Background check (child-protection/penal record), medical where requested.

• TEFL/CELTA certificate, CV, references.

• For autónomo: tax office (Hacienda) & Seguridad Social registrations.

4) Language expectations

• Classroom English: C2/C1. For Spanish schools, many employers expect B1–B2 Spanish (parents/staff meetings, admin).

5) Fast start game plan

• Decide your target sector (academy vs international school vs concertado/public).

• Check your work authorization path (EU vs non-EU).

• Prepare documents (apostille/translation), polish CV, gather references.

• Apply in major hubs (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Málaga/Costa del Sol, Alicante/Costa Blanca) and mid-size cities with strong academy demand.

• If aiming at public/“concertado”: begin homologación and review requirements for the Máster del Profesorado (or recognized equivalent).

For more details about mortgages in Spain, read our article.

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Yes. Spain’s National Health System (SNS) provides universal coverage for residents, strong primary care and high-quality public hospitals. Care is generally free at point of use (small co-pays for medicines). Non-urgent specialties may face waiting times, so many add private insurance to speed access. EU tourists use EHIC; non-resident non-EU visitors need private cover.

Read our article:
Healthcare in Spain

Yes—one of the largest foreign communities in Spain. You’ll find sizable British hubs on the Costa del Sol (Málaga, Marbella, Estepona), Costa Blanca (Alicante, Torrevieja, Jávea), the Balearic and Canary Islands, and in big cities like Madrid and Barcelona.

What life typically looks like

• Housing: Many buy apartments or townhouses near the coast; others rent first to learn the area. Urbanisations with pools and on-site services are common.

• Work & income: Mix of remote workers, small business owners (hospitality, services), retirees on UK pensions, and families employed by international companies/schools.

• Schools: Where needed, children often attend British or international schools (IGCSE/A-Level/IB); public bilingual schools are another option.

• Healthcare: Residents use the public system (SNS) when eligible; retirees often use the S1 route, and many complement with private insurance for faster access.

• Paperwork after Brexit: Long-term stays require the right visa/residence (e.g., work, non-lucrative, family, student). Existing residents hold a TIE card.

• Driving & banking: Most exchange a UK licence for a Spanish one and open a Spanish bank account for bills and mortgages.

• Taxes: If spending >183 days/year, you’re usually tax resident in Spain; otherwise you’re a non-resident for tax. Many consult a gestor for dual-country questions.

• Community & integration: Active expat networks, clubs, and English-language churches/media exist, but those who learn Spanish and join local activities integrate fastest. British shops and pubs are easy to find in coastal areas, while inland towns offer a more Spanish day-to-day rhythm.

Bottom line: A well-established British community is spread across Spain with strong support networks. Daily life can be as “British-style” or as locally Spanish as you choose—coastal hubs offer familiarity and services in English, while mixed or inland areas provide deeper immersion.

You can find answers to your questions in this article.

• System: The public NHS (SNS) covers prenatal care, delivery and postpartum free at point of use for residents with a health card; many add private insurance (note waiting periods ~8–10 months).

• Prenatal care: midwife + OB; routine blood tests/screening and scans around 12/20/32 weeks. You can submit a birth plan.

• Birth: public or private hospitals; epidural available, partner present, immediate breastfeeding/skin-to-skin. C-section/induction by medical criteria.

• After birth: rooming-in, newborn checks, pediatrics and the vaccination schedule.

• Paperwork for baby: Civil Registry registration (ideally within 5–8 days), health system enrollment, and your consulate paperwork if applicable.

• Leave: employed, contributing parents: 16 weeks each (paid).

• If not residents: you’ll need insurance or EU EHIC coverage.

• EU/EEA (e.g., Ireland, Malta): you can drive with your EU licence as a resident; you may exchange it for a Spanish one through a simple admin process (no new tests).

• United Kingdom: there is a UK–Spain exchange agreement. Residents with a valid UK licence can swap it for a Spanish licence at DGT without theory/practical tests (subject to standard admin checks).

• USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc. (no exchange): your home licence is valid for 6 months after you become a Spanish resident. After that you must obtain a Spanish licence (theory + practical) because there’s no exchange agreement.

Getting a Spanish licence from scratch (if no exchange):

1. Medical/vision test at an approved centre.

2. Apply at DGT (appointment required) and pay the fee.

3. Pass theory test (computer-based).

4. Pass practical road test with a DGT examiner.

5. Receive your Spanish licence. Official guidance and the country-by-country tool are on the DGT site.

It depends on what you value.

• Spain: sunnier climate, universal public healthcare, generally lower living costs outside the top cities, and a stronger work-life balance. Average salaries are lower than in the UK and the job market is less fast-moving.

• UK: typically higher pay and career velocity (London/Cambridge/Oxford/Manchester), all-English environment. Downsides: expensive housing and childcare, wetter weather, stricter visas post-Brexit; NHS is free but has waiting times.
  Rule of thumb: prioritize climate, affordability, Mediterranean lifestyle → Spain. Prioritize earnings and global corporate ecosystems → UK.

• Healthcare: Spain — universal public care (free at point of use); Canada — provincial Medicare, strong but with wait times for non-urgent care.

• Jobs & pay: Canada offers higher salaries and demand in STEM/health/engineering; Spain’s market is steadier, with growth in remote, services, tourism, and niche tech.

• Immigration path: Canada has clear PR routes (Express Entry, PNP, Study→PGWP); Spain offers Digital Nomad, Non-Lucrative, Work/HQ permits; PR is slower.

• Cost of living: Spain is more affordable outside Madrid/Barcelona; Canada is expensive in Toronto/Vancouver, moderate in mid-sized cities.

• Climate & lifestyle: Spain — mild, Mediterranean living; Canada — cold winters, epic outdoors, very safe.
  Rule of thumb: prioritize climate, affordability, and lifestyle → Spain. Prioritize earnings, career mobility, and structured PR → Canada.

• Spain: universal public healthcare, strong safety and work-life balance, lower living costs outside big hubs, easier lifestyle visas (Digital Nomad, Non-Lucrative). Lower average salaries; higher personal taxes vs US in many cases.

• United States: top salaries and career upside (tech/finance/healthcare), vast choice of cities; expensive healthcare without good insurance, tougher work visas (H-1B/O-1/EB), high costs in major hubs.
  Rule of thumb: prioritize quality of life, healthcare, and balance → Spain. Prioritize maximum earnings and fast-moving careers → USA.

• Healthcare: both have universal public systems; Spain’s access is often more uniform, Italy’s quality is strong with regional variation.

• Jobs & pay: broadly similar (moderate). Spain leans toward tourism/services/niche tech; Italy toward manufacturing/design/healthcare.

• Visas: Spain offers Digital Nomad, Non-Lucrative, Work/HQ. Italy has Elective Residence (no local work), work permits, and a Digital Nomad route; Italian processes can be more bureaucratic.

• Cost of living: comparable; Spain is often slightly cheaper outside major hubs; Northern Italy pricier than the south.

• Language & integration: Spanish is often seen as easier; in Italy you’ll need Italian beyond tourist areas.

• Climate/lifestyle: both Mediterranean; Spain generally sunnier, Italy offers dense culture and cuisine everywhere.
  Rule of thumb: prioritize sun, smoother admin, and affordability → Spain. Crave Italian culture/food and don’t mind bureaucracy → Italy.

1. Land Registry (Nota Simple): ownership, mortgages, liens, easements.

2. Cadastre & plans: built/useable area and boundaries; match the Deed.

3. Debts: latest IBI and waste fee receipts; community debt certificate (fees/special assessments).

4. Permits & legality: building/first-occupancy licence or habitability certificate (region-dependent), planning/zoning, declared extensions.

5. Technical condition: survey/engineer check; building ITE/IEE reports if applicable; damp, structure, MEP.

6. Certificates: Energy Certificate (CEE), occupancy/habitability, utility compliance (electricity/gas/water).

7. Tenancies & restrictions: existing leases, tourist-letting rules/licence, third-party rights.

8. Valuation (tasación) if financing; risk checks (coastal/flood).

9. Closing costs: ITP or VAT+AJD, notary/registry/gestoría.

10. Contracts: reservation first, then arras (~10%) with finance & clear-title clauses.

11. Buyer paperwork: NIE, Spanish bank account; power of attorney for remote purchase.
    Tip: hire an independent lawyer and obtain everything in writing.

• Title & encumbrances: undiscovered mortgages/liens/easements without a proper Nota Simple and registry check.

• Area & legality mismatches: Cadastre–Deed discrepancies; extensions without licences or missing habitability/first occupancy.

• Inherited debts: unpaid IBI, waste tax, and community fees/special assessments transfer to the buyer.

• Actual condition: damp, structural or MEP issues hidden by photos/virtual tours.

• Tenancies & use limits: sitting tenants, lack of tourist licence or local bans.

• Valuation & finance: low tasación → bigger down payment; slower bank timelines remotely.

• Payment fraud: non-escrow reservations, spoofed bank details, phishing.

• Signing & utilities: without a power of attorney, completion, registrations and utility switchovers can stall.
  Mitigate: hire an independent lawyer, run full due diligence (Registry/Cadastre/Town Hall), get zero-debt certificate from the HOA, commission a technical survey, obtain a bank valuation, use traceable payments, and grant POA to your representative.

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Pros

• Lifestyle & climate: Mediterranean weather, walkable towns, strong work-life balance, and vibrant expat hubs (Costa del Sol, Costa Blanca, islands).

• Healthcare access for pensioners: If you’re a UK state-pensioner living in Spain, you can usually use S1-funded state healthcare. Many residents also add private cover.

• Clear buying rights post-Brexit: UK nationals can freely buy, own and sell property in Spain like other non-EU citizens.

• UK licence swap: If you relocate, you can exchange a UK driving licence for a Spanish one (no new driving tests). Handy for insurance, ID and renewals.

• Financing exists: Spanish banks lend to non-residents (typically 60–70% LTV), and you can complete remotely with a notarial power of attorney (terms vary by bank). (General market practice; confirm with your lender.)

• Strong short-let demand (select areas): Tourism remains robust, though rules are tightening—yields can be attractive where licensed.

Cons / watch-outs

• 90/180 rule: Owning a home does not extend visa-free limits—max 90 days in any 180 unless you hold a Spanish visa/residence card.

• Holiday-let restrictions: Cities/regions are capping or phasing out new tourist licences (e.g., Barcelona) and rolling out a national registry for holiday rentals—factor licensing into your model.

• Golden Visa real-estate route ended: Buying €500k+ no longer grants residency; alternative routes (entrepreneur, highly-qualified, family, digital-nomad) remain.

• Taxes for non-residents:

  • Rental income: generally 24% IRNR for non-EU owners (UK), historically without expense deductions; recent rulings discuss deductions but rate differences remain unless law changes—take advice.

  • Annual costs: local property tax IBI, waste fees, community charges; plus wealth/inheritance/capital gains may apply depending on region and your personal profile. (Take tailored tax advice.)

• FX & interest-rate risk: Income in GBP vs expenses/mortgage in EUR adds currency risk; mortgage availability/terms can be tighter for non-residents.

• Compliance/admin: NIE, bank account, insurance, and utility transfers are routine but slower if you don’t grant a power of attorney.

Practical tips for UK buyers

1. Define use case (holiday home vs. rental) and check local licensing before you reserve—assume nothing.

2. Run the numbers after tax: model 24% IRNR (conservative), IBI, community fees, insurance, maintenance, and potential mortgage costs.

3. Do full due diligence: fresh Nota Simple, debt-free certificate from the HOA, town-hall checks, and an independent survey/valuation.

4. Plan stays & status: if you’ll be in Spain >90/180, explore residence options (digital-nomad, work, family, etc.).

5. Swap your UK licence after moving to simplify driving/admin.

Bottom line: Spain is a solid lifestyle play with clear purchase rights for Brits, but returns hinge on licensing, taxes, and stay limits. If you validate holiday-let permissions, budget with conservative tax/FX assumptions, and line up the right visa/residence path, ownership can work very well.

More details: The Pros and Cons of Real Estate in Spain for the British

Ballpark ranges (location/amenities matter):

• IBI (property tax): €300–800/yr flat; €800–1,800/yr villa.

• Waste fee: €50–150/yr.

• Community fees (HOA): flats €40–150/mo (more with pool/elevator); villas in urbanisations €20–80/mo.

• Home insurance: €120–300/yr flat; €250–600/yr villa.

• Utilities (regular use): electricity €40–120/mo, water €15–40/mo, gas €20–60/mo, internet €25–40/mo.

• Upkeep: set aside 0.5–1% of property value/yr; pool/garden €60–200/mo.

• Second-home standing charges: electricity/water €15–30/mo each; alarm €20–40/mo.
  Examples:
  • 2-bed coastal flat: €1,800–3,200/yr (~ €150–270/mo).
  • Villa with pool: €3,500–7,000/yr (~ €290–580/mo).

1. Gross yield = annual rent / purchase price.

2. Net yield (cap rate) = NOI / purchase price, where NOI = annual rent − (HOA/community fees, IBI, insurance, maintenance, vacancy, management, utilities if you cover them).

3. Cash-on-cash = (NOI − annual debt service) / total cash in (down payment + closing costs).

4. Also include: acquisition taxes (ITP resale or VAT+AJD new-build), permitting (tourist licence), income tax (IRPF/IRNR), capex.

Quick example: price €200,000, rent €1,000/mo = €12,000/yr; expenses €3,900/yr ⇒ NOI €8,100.

• Gross: 12,000 / 200,000 = 6.0%.

• Net (cap): 8,100 / 200,000 = 4.05%.

• With mortgage (debt €7,200/yr), cash invested €100,000 ⇒ CoC ≈ 0.9%.

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Depending on the characteristics of the selected property – from €5,000.

Absolutely. Spain’s mainstream system is inclusive and backed by health and social services.

• Schooling: public/charter schools offer educational psychologists, special-ed (PT), speech & language (AL), individualized adaptations, and—where appropriate—specialized classrooms/TEA units.

• Healthcare (SNS): pediatric care, referrals to early intervention (0–6), rehab and child mental-health services (availability varies by region).

• Disability status: obtaining an official disability grade and dependence assessment unlocks allowances, transport support, grants and resource priority.

• Language & social integration: individualized plans, language support and mentoring help with transition.
  Bring with you: translated medical/educational reports, IEP/PEI, therapy history and medication list.
  First steps: register address (empadronamiento) → local school & guidance team meeting → register with health center → apply for disability/dependence if applicable.
  Bottom line: with documentation and coordination, most families report a gradual, positive adaptation in Spain.

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Match city to priorities (schools, budget, climate).

• Valencia (metro): family-friendly, beach, reasonable rents, good healthcare and international schools.

• Alicante/Costa Blanca (San Juan, El Campello): mild year-round climate, relaxed pace, great flight links.

• Málaga/Costa del Sol (Mijas, Benalmádena, Rincón): big expat scene, plenty of family amenities and schools.

• Madrid (Pozuelo, Boadilla, Tres Cantos): best job market and schools, higher housing costs.

• Barcelona (Sant Cugat, Castelldefels): strong academics and international options, pricier.

• Quieter choices: Zaragoza, Oviedo, A Coruña, Valladolid.
  Rule of thumb: sun + sea → Valencia/Alicante/Málaga; careers + top schools → Madrid/Barcelona.

Read more in the article: Spain with children: which city should you choose to live in?

The NIE (Número de Identificación de Extranjero) is your Spanish tax/legal ID as a non-Spaniard. It is mandatory to buy property, pay taxes (ITP/VAT/AJD), open a bank account, set up utilities, take insurance, work or start a company, buy a car, and deal with the Tax Agency or Registries.
How to get it: apply at a National Police/Extranjería office in Spain or a Spanish Consulate abroad; you can also authorize a representative (power of attorney). Submit passport, form EX-15, proof of purpose, and fee. The number does not expire (the certificate may show a date, but the number is permanent).

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No, not automatically. Spain is mainly jus sanguinis (by parentage), not jus soli. A child born in Spain is Spanish if:

• At least one parent is Spanish; or

• Both parents are stateless or their nationality is unknown; or

• Under the parents’ national laws the child would otherwise be stateless (the “simple presumption” route, usually with consular certificates).
  Separately, a child born in Spain can apply for Spanish nationality by residence after 1 year of lawful residence.

Details in the article: Citizenship for a Child Born in Spain

You cannot buy Spanish citizenship. Real-estate or investment does not grant citizenship by itself. Main routes are:

• By descent (ius sanguinis): if a parent is Spanish; some grandchildren/other cases via the option route.

• By option (por opción): certain people with a family link to Spain can opt for citizenship.

• By residence (naturalization): 10 years of lawful, continuous residence (standard). Reduced terms: 5 years for refugees; 2 years for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, and those of Sephardic origin; 1 year in cases such as marriage to a Spaniard (plus 1 year of residence), birth in Spain, guardianship by a Spaniard, etc.

• By royal decree (carta de naturaleza): exceptional, discretionary.
  Typical requirements: clean criminal record, sufficient means/integration, CCSE civic test and generally DELE A2 Spanish exam (with exemptions), and—depending on nationality—renunciation of prior citizenship (Spain allows dual nationality with certain countries).

Not necessarily. Pricing hinges on rate type (fixed/variable or mixed tied to Euribor), your borrower profile, residency (non-residents typically face higher rates and lower LTV), plus fees (origination, appraisal, notary/land registry/taxes) and bundled products (insurance, direct debits). Always compare the APR (TAE), not just the headline rate. Bottom line: Spanish mortgages can be competitive, but they’re not “very cheap” by default.

For more details about mortgages in Spain, read our article.

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Spanish banks do lend to non-residents. Typical terms: 60–70% LTV, 20–30 years max, fixed or variable (Euribor + spread), and DTI ≤ 30–40%. Documents: passport, NIE, proof of income (2–3 years tax returns/pay slips), bank statements, credit report, property valuation (tasación), and home (often life) insurance. Costs: notary/land registry/gestoría, AJD + VAT on new-builds or ITP on resales. Expect slightly higher rates and tighter underwriting than for residents.

For more details about mortgages in Spain, read our article.

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Great lifestyle, yes—but not flawless:

• Salaries are moderate vs. top EU/UK hubs.

• Bureaucracy & wait times for appointments, permits, recognition of qualifications.

• Housing costs are high in prime areas; tourist-rental rules are tightening.

• Language: Spanish is essential beyond expat zones; co-official languages in some regions.

• Jobs can be seasonal in tourism/services.

• Climate: heat waves/drought in parts of the country.

• Taxes/social charges can be substantial; non-resident rules differ.
  How to mitigate: budget conservatively, learn Spanish, prepare paperwork early, and use a lawyer/gestor.

Generally yes. Spain has marriage equality since 2005, joint adoption, strong anti-discrimination protections, and (since 2023) a Trans Law streamlining legal gender recognition (age-based requirements apply). Public healthcare is inclusive, support networks are widespread, and Pride events are major (Madrid, Barcelona). Caveats: some regional variation, occasional hate-crime incidents, and integration still hinges on language/jobs. Overall, Spain ranks as very LGBTQ+-friendly.

It depends on the course. With proper planning it’s very doable; Medicine, Architecture, some STEM and double degrees are highly competitive.
Bachelor’s: credential evaluation/UNEDasiss, transcript, language (Spanish B2–C1 or English for English-taught), pre-enrolment and quota-based selection.
Master’s: recognised bachelor’s, CV, references, sometimes GMAT/interview.
Public universities use cut-off scores; private set their own processes.
Student visa (non-EU): admission letter, funds, insurance. Bottom line: meet the language + academic bar and apply on time — feasible, hardest for top programs.

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Use a visa-first checklist:

• Accreditation: Instituto Cervantes and/or regional authorization in Valencia.

• Course load: for the student visa, programs are typically ≥20 academic hours/week, in-person, with a fixed timetable.

• Visa paperwork: the school must issue a Letter of Admission, proof of payment/deposit, detailed syllabus, course dates, and an attendance policy; ask about deferral if your visa is delayed.

• Arrival support: help with NIE/TIE, empadronamiento, health insurance (if needed), and bank account setup.

• Academic quality: class size (ideally 8–12), full A1–C1 ladder, placement test, DELE/SIELE prep, teacher credentials.

• Location & housing: neighborhood fit (e.g., Ruzafa, Benimaclet, El Carmen, Mestalla), transport access, school accommodation vs. self-arranged.

• Costs: transparent tuition, materials, refund/cancellation terms, installment options.

• Reputation: reviews, nationality/age mix, sample timetables.
  Tip: request a draft contract, the consulate-ready letter, and written confirmation that the course meets student-visa requirements before paying. Compare at least three schools on: accreditation • hours • price/hour • visa support • reviews.

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Founders typically choose one of these:

1. Entrepreneur residence (Law 14/2013) — for innovative, scalable projects with economic/tech impact. Fast-track processing, initial validity up to 3 years, renewable; apply in Spain or via a consulate. You’ll need a business plan, traction/roadmap, funding, team CVs, letters of interest, private health insurance and means.

2. Self-employed residence (cuenta propia) — if your project isn’t “innovative” but you’ll operate as an autónomo or via your SL. Initial 1 year then renewals; requires a plan, proof of funds/experience, and prospective contracts.

3. Highly Qualified Professional (HQP) under Law 14/2013 — if you’re employed by your own Spanish company as a senior executive/tech profile and meet salary/qualification thresholds.

4. Investor route via a business project — for significant investment in a Spanish company or a project of general interest (note: the real-estate “golden visa” route has been abolished).
   Alternative: Digital Nomad Visa fits remote work for foreign clients; for a Spain-facing startup, the entrepreneur/self-employed tracks are usually better.

You must show at least 400% of the IPREM for the main applicant, plus 100% of IPREM per dependent. With the 2025 IPREM at €600/month, that’s €2,400/month (~€28,800/year) for the principal and +€600/month (~€7,200/year) per family member. Proof can be bank balances, pensions, rental/investment income; private health insurance (no copay) is also required. Consulate practice may vary slightly.

It hinges on your priorities.

• Jobs/pay: Germany leads for salaries and industrial/engineering roles; Spain is strong in services and growing tech.

• Cost of living: housing/leisure often cheaper in Spain (outside Madrid/Barcelona).

• Climate/lifestyle: Mediterranean outdoors vs. four seasons and high order.

• Language: Spanish vs. German (English mainly in tech).

• Residence routes: Spain’s Digital Nomad Visa; Germany’s EU Blue Card.
  Rule of thumb: climate + lower costs → Spain; higher pay + industrial careers → Germany.

Yes. A long-stay Student (D) visa lets you enter and reside in Spain for the duration of your studies. Key points:

• After arrival you obtain a TIE residence card (student stay).

• Work rights: part-time work is allowed (typically up to 30 hours/week) if compatible with studies; employer/you must follow the proper authorization/notification.

• Family: spouse/partner and children may accompany you on a student family visa (proof of funds/insurance required).

• After graduation: you can switch to employed/self-employed residence or request a job-search/entrepreneurial residence (for graduates of Spanish higher-education programs).

• Programs must be in-person, usually ≥20 academic hours/week, at an authorized institution.

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Yes—common and streamlined. Typical flow: video tours & shortlist → reservation → arras (earnest contract) → power of attorney to our lawyer/agent → due diligence (Nota Simple, debts, cadastre) → mortgage & valuation if needed → notary completion by attorney-in-fact → Land Registry and utilities setup.
You’ll need: NIE, passport, verifiable funds, sworn translations/apostille where required. Payments via Spanish or international account in line with KYC/AML. No in-person visit is required.

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The risk exists but is not widespread; it’s mostly tied to unattended, vacant units. Key distinctions:

• Dwelling (your main/actually used second home): break-in is criminal trespass; with prompt police report and proof of use, police can remove quickly.

• Truly vacant property: it’s usurpation and typically needs a court order; slower, but evictions do happen.
  Risk reduction: armored door & quality locks, monitored alarm, community CCTV/concierge, engaged neighbors, avoid signs of vacancy, professional key/control, insurance with legal defense/“ocupación” cover, proper leases and tenant screening, property management.
  If it happens: sign nothing, report immediately, show proof of habitation (bills/registration), hire counsel for fast-track eviction or interim measures. With quick action, most cases are solvable.